Entrance
General Information on Ancient Numismatics
Need for Coins
Coin Science and Its Importance
Coinage Method
Depictions on Coins
Types
Symbols
Legend
Countermarks, Puncmarks
Raw materials
Weight Units and Standards
Value of the Coin
Bronze Coins
Low Carat and Counterfeit Coins
PHOKAIA COINS
Entrance
ARCHAIC PERIOD PHOKAIA COINS
Archaic Age Phocaea Electron
First Alloy Period (625/600-522 BC)
Phocaea City Coat of Arms Seal and Seal Coins
Interpretation of the Griffon and Coins with Griffons
Coins with Animal Depictions
Using the Coat of Arms of Other Cities
River God Achelous
Human Shaped Coins
Coins with Warrior Depictions
Coins Depicting a Woman's Head
General Assessment of the First Alloy Period
The Situation in Western Anatolia After the Persian Invasion
Second Alloy Period (522-478 BC)
Alloy Change
Ionian Revolt and League Coins
Coins Minted in the Second Alloy Period (Em. 29-50)
Seal coins
Coins with Griffins
Coins with Animal Depictions
Coins Using Coats of Arms of Other Cities
Coins with God and Goddess Depictions
Coins Depicting Religious Festivals and Dances
Coins with Warrior and Hero Depictions
Gorgonion
End of the Alloy Period II
Phocaean Silver Coins in the Archaic Period
The Spread of Phocaean Culture to the Western Mediterranean in the Archaic Age
Establishment of Phocaean colonies
Migration Following Persian Invasion
Phocaean Coins in the Western Mediterranean
CLASSICAL PERIOD PHOKAIA COINS
Economic and Political Developments
Phocaean Electron Coins in the Classical Age
General Assessment of the Third Alloy Period
III. Electron Coins Minted in the First Part of the Alloy Period: (478-387 BC) Em. 51-97
Coins with Animal Depictions
Coins Using Coats of Arms of Other Cities
Coins with Warrior Depictions
Cybele and Attis
Other Gods and Goddesses
Religious Beliefs and Festivals
Coins with Satrap Heads
Human Head Coins
The Last Period of Persian Domination in Phocaea (387-326 BC)
Electron Coins Minted in the Second Part of the Alloy Period III, 387-326 BC (Em. 98-112)
Women, Goddesses and Fairy Heads
Sappho
Omphale
The Last Electron Coins of Phocaea
The End of the Electron Coin Minting in Phocaea
Other Topics Related to Phocaea's Electron Coins
Why Electron?
Back Sides of Electron Coins
Heart and Fake Coins
Value of Phocaean Coins
Region Where Phocaean Coins Circulated
Phocaean Silver Coins in the Classical Age
Phocaean Bronze Coins in the Classical Age
MONETARY UNIONS ESTABLISHED BY PHOKAIA
Monetary Agreement Between Phocaea and Mytilene
Relations with Other Cities Creating the Impression of Monetary Union
Relationship between Phocaea and Cyzicus
Relationship between Phocaea and Teos
Relationship between Phocaea and Lampsakos
Relationship between Phocaea and Erithrai
Relationship between Phocaea and Velia
HELLENISTIC AGE
Political Developments in Western Anatolia
Coinage in the Hellenistic Period
Raw materials
Types of coins
Articles (Legends)
Union Coins
Coins of Western Anatolian City States
Phocaean Coins of the Hellenistic Age
Coins Minted in Name of Hellenistic Kings
Bronze Coins
Hermes
Athena
Smardos
Coins with a Griffon on the Back
Apollo
Some Phocaean Coins Found in Phocaean Excavations
ROMAN PERIOD
Coinage in the Roman Period
Union Coins
City Coins
Mints
Legends
Front End Types
Back Side Types
Roman Period Phocaean Bronze Coins
Period of Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD)
The Period of Claudius (41-54)
The Period of Nero (54-68)
The Period of Vespasian (69-79)
Domitian Period (81-96)
Trajan Period (98-117)
Hadrian Period (117-138)
The Period of Antoninus Pius (138-161)
The Period of Marcus Aurelius (161-169)
Coins featuring Lucius Versus with Marcus Aurelius
Coin depicting Faustina II as Fecundidas
The Commodus Period (177-192)
Period of Septimius Severus (193-211)
Caracalla Period (198-217)
Period of Publius Septimius Geta (209-211)
Period of Alexander Severus (222-235)
Period of Maximinus (235-238)
The Period of Gordian III (238-244)
The Reign of Philip I (244-249)
The Reign of Philip II (244-249)
Coins of Uncertain Period
The Rise and Fall of City Coinage
Final Word
Source
